إلقاء محاضرة بعنوان التاريخ البيئي للجنوب المغربي برحاب كلية الآداب أكادير

 

FLOODS OVER MOROCCAN HISTORY ( sources remarks)

 The study of climate in all its components is one of the subjects that has attracted the interest of European historians since the 1930s, benefiting from the availability of source material. On the basis of this study, they interpreted a series of dark aspects of European history. However, Moroccan studies do not exceed two basic studies: the study of Hamid Al-Turki and Rosenberg and the study of Mohammed Al-Amin al-Bazaz. It is worth mentioning that historical sources do not help us to track floods in Morocco since the ancient period, but the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are characterized by the abundance of source material. Although they do not cover all the Moroccan sphere, they have provided us with important signals about floods and their social and economic impact. The flood in historical sources takes on different names: Rain Retrieved - Wastes - Deluxe rains... It often comes after long periods of drought, drought and epidemics, most of which come in March. The apostasy prayer was held in Fez 16 times in 1750. As Al-Qadiri described it, the heavens were blindfolded. After the famine of 1776 metres, heavy winter rains rained down in the Rabat outskirts, demolishing many homes and killing many people. However, our sources did not mention the spread and spread of these intense rainfall and its effects in the rest of the region. Floods often lead to higher prices and disrupt transportation. The price of wheat was 40 lira per 12 kg, and then 50 to 56 lira, according to a foreigner. In the face of this situation, the poor suffered from hunger. Many people starved in Marrakech and parents were forced to abandon their children to the beneficiaries. The autumn of 1824m witnessed a severe wave of cold and deluxe rains "above what the minds used to be," The owner of the ticket describes Fez: "its canyons endured from the torrent what only God knew and descended on the Valley of Fez at the opening of two shores, the Andalusia and Fez, and arrived after dinner while its people... Many have died. " It was a lot of rain in the south, ... and one of the foreigners described it such that: "God made them and all these paths so much rain that we think the world is drowning with water and so much demolition and people called this year.

In 1802. It was a lot of rain in the south, where Tiznit was affected by dangerous flood, described in this words: "God has made them and all these paths so much rain that we think that the world is drowning with water and so much demolition and this year people have been called the demolition day- any subversive - every division impossible a valley and every valley looked as a sea, all wonders and weirdness...", and the owner of thunder and snow on September 15 th,1867 torrent with the same area. In the winter of 1878, the sky rained heavily after a long year of drought. France's consul in Casablanca wrote: "For about 12 days, the rain has been raining profusely along the coasts. The Earth, after it was burning a dark water". The flood of March 1890 is considered, dangerous as the rain lasted for 20 consecutive days, the canyons overflowed and went out of normal course casualties", with 85 to 100 victims in Fez. It has been only two years for all regions of the country to suffer from rainfall and barrage accompanied by eastern winds. Snow has melted so that the Sebou Valley is out of its natural course, covered multiple villages, and Ziz river has destroyed several villages and caused significant loss of life. Muhammad al-Mukhtar al-Soussi describes a flood that took place in 1944, saying: "As well as a stranger that day occurred in Tiznit, the way out of the valley was blocked. The water retreated towards the country's homes as high as 75 houses were demolished. All its furniture and cereals have been ruined. But God preserved the inhabitants for it to happen in the middle of the day, and people traded, taking their boys out wading in the water. People are now in the pandemonium of building and restoring their role. This is also something that has never occurred in Tiznit and no trace of its advanced covenants "In the face of the succession of floods, we wonder what mechanisms Morocco's human beings have encountered floods. In the absentee interpretation, Morocco has found a safe haven to explain various natural phenomena. Flood, like other disasters, is a divine punishment for departing from religious teachings and the spread of corruption. Sultans and princes have adopted the same attitude in their letters and speeches, urging citizens to believe and visit parents. This does not mean that it succumbes to floods, but is prepared to prepare so-called "imposition" of water stops during rainfall, a vast, uncovered water basin that uses its water to quench the pomegranates and wash clothes. The canyon banks were allocated for quarterly cultivation such as barley, which usually sprouts in the summer. ...